Disregard Everything I say

DISCLAIMER: The only important source I am using here is my own experiences over countless trips and discussions with friends which may be completely different from your own experiences.
I’ve tried to keep this as accurate and well worded as I possibly can but most of these mental aspects are near impossible to explain in English and cannot be done justice with words, especially once we get past low and moderate dosages. However, I’ve done my best!
The level 1 - 5 system I’ve used here is described in detail here.

Enhancement of Mood: (1 - 5)

Unlike many drugs that chemically induce euphoria within a person regardless of their pervious mental state and emotional insecurities Psychedelics only enhance a person’s current mood many times over whether or not this is done in a good or bad direction.
This means that a positive and rational person under the influence of a moderate to high dose Psychedelic drug will feel a sensation of pure bliss and absolutely overwhelmingly euphoric mindgasms that continue to wash over their brain and body for hours at a time in a way that is genuinely grounded in reality. A good trip will leave you feeling ecstatic, but not because you have ingested a drug, but because the beauty of your existence, your loved ones and your position in the universe are finally being put into a perspective that is not completely clouded with culture, drama and bullshit meaningless problems. 
To truly realize how lucky you are to be alive and how much opportunity is really in front of you is an incredible feeling but one that can only come about if you allow it to happen, a negative person coming into a trip may find themselves experiencing the exact emotional polar opposite of what I just described to you.

More Examples: Here

Removal of sensory filter:  (2 – 5)

The sensory filter is yet another barrier to ourselves that psychedelics allow us to overcome.
During normal waking consciousness your brain essentially filters out different mundane signals such as what each and every nerve ending over your entire body is currently feeling and stops them from entering the conscious mind. This aspect is most commonly experienced in the form looking at a tree and being able to completely comprehend and understand the position of every single branch all at once rather than just understand the few small areas that they are currently focused on and is also where the visual of increased obviousness of existing textures stems from.

This effect also gives people complete and utter muscle control over every tiny part of their body. Much can be learnt from this effect about what it feels like to be human and to have a physical body.

More Examples: here, here and here.

Time distortion: (2 – 5)

Time distortion is an effect that comes in three different commonly experienced forms. These forms are time compression, time dilation and time loops. Time compression is the felt experience of time speeding up and passing much quicker than it should. This effect although common is much less common that time expansion which is the felt experience of time slowing down, this feeling has a wide spectrum of intensities and can vary between the simple effect of much more time seeming to have passed than it actually has until somebody checks the time and snaps back into reality or it be the very unpleasant effect known as a “moment of eternity” where all concept of passing time is completely lost and a person feels as though they are trapped within a short moment infinitely. Time loops are a very common factor contributing to bad trips and are the felt experience of being trapped in a moment that is continuously repeatedly over and over again; this feeling can be either irritating or quite distressing. A common sign that a person is becoming trapped in a time loop is that they will continue to repeat the same few phrases, questions and actions over and over again, in this situation it’s best to try and subtly distract them and move them to a different environment.

Rapid fire thoughts: (2 – 5)

Rapid fire thoughts are an effect that I particularly enjoy while tripping. This is where your thought processes are sped up drastically and have a greatly increased sense of creativity and profoundness to them. When experiencing this effect it literally feels like one rapid thought after the other in incredibly quick succession and it’s this change in speed that results in massively increased creativity, problem solving abilities but also distractibility. One of the greatest features of this mental aspect is that it can partly stay many days or weeks after a good trip and can leave a person in a state of clear headedness.

“I flew through hyperspace this weekend, I’m sure I can handle this deadline at work today!”

Introspection: (2 - 5)

The introspectiveness of the psychedelic experience is probably its one of its most famous qualities and in my opinion the most obvious real world application to tripping balls.
It’s by far the ability to rationally think about and dissect my internal problems that has benefited me and all of the people around me more than any other aspect of the psychedelic experience and is also the single biggest contributor to a “bad trip” that most people encounter as everybody suddenly comes to the overwhelming realization that they have a lot more personal problems and emotional baggage than they originally thought. Whether or not a person is capable of overcoming these struggles is the largest factor in determining if a person will react positively or negatively to the psychedelic experience.

More Examples: Here, Here, Here, Here and Here.

Removal of cultural filter: (3 - 5)

To me this is by far the most profound cognitive effect that the psychedelic experience has to offer as it is a permanent and life changing perception switch that occurs consistently during all trips and becomes completely grounded in an individual’s personality after just a few good trips. The cultural filter is an extreme bias that we look through in our everyday lives when evaluating the world around us and affects our ability to judge something for what it really is enormously. It’s this filter that forces us to look at our lives and reality not as a human being but as a false version of our true selves be it materialistic white middle class male with European Christian heritage, a Muslim housewife or an aboriginal tribesman in the heart of the Amazon rainforest. The reason this filter exists within us all is because we are determined, shaped and held back by the culture that raises us in greater ways than most people feel comfortable admitting. Especially those that pride themselves on their individuality and think that each brightly coloured streak of died hair on their head gives them an ever more unique and profound outlook on life.
As far as I can tell this cultural filter is instilled so deeply within our own psyches that we cannot possibly get rid of it by normal means such as simply analysing our own thought processes and decisions but must resort to much more drastic measures such as an intense psychedelic chemical cleansing of the mind. It’s this effect of the psychedelic experience that can cause an unconscious selfish idiot to enter a trip and come out six hours later a halfway decent human being.

More Examples: here, here, here and here.

Increased Distractibility: (1 - 5)

As higher brain functions such as creativity and cognition are increased by any drug, neurological sacrifices have to be temporarily made for compensation. With psychedelics this comes not in the form of a comedown, hangover or profound stupidity but in the form of an increasingly large inability to comprehend anything outside of the present moment that grows proportionally with dosage.
This feeling is quite a familiar one to any Psychonaut as trying to maintain concentration during a trip can be incredibly difficult due to the sometimes overwhelming sensory input and complex visual effects that keep you permanently stuck in the present moment. At very high doses this increases up until the moment where it is impossible to comprehend anything that happened in the past or anything that might happen in the future as the present moment is so overwhelming these things seem distant, irrevalent and trivial. This increased distractibility at its logical limit becomes a crucial contributing factor to egodeath as an overload of sensory input inevitably leads to complete detachment from not only anything but the present moment but from your knowledge, ideas, memories and your sense of self. 

Egodeath:  (5++++)

Ego death is the highest level of psychedelic experience along side Hallucinations and Entity contact and exists in different forms even outside of psychedelics that can be reached through sensory deprivation tanks, meditation or simply being asleep / unconscious as any loss of self can technically be characterized as Ego death but here I am only going to talk about the state of Ego death that can be induced by psychedelics.

A state of psychedelic induced ego death is reached when a tripper has finally taken such a large dosage that their sensory filter is at 0% and is therefore allowing every single tiny bit of brain function and sensory input to reach the conscious faculties regardless of whether or not it is relevant in an extremely visual and felt form. This includes not just the sensation of being able to comprehend the input of every single nerve ending across your entire body all at once but also the sensation of experiencing all concepts, memories, archetypes and information stored within the brain in a single instant giving an extremely profound feeling that you are experiencing the entire universe all at once forcing you to feel completely one with all of existence and this is often interpreted as a perceived loss of boundaries between your body and the rest of the universe. This oneness is so infinitely huge and profound that the people who experience it in a positive and safe setting almost universally report that it feels as if their entire life has been building up to this single moment and that they are finally “getting off the train”.

Unlike the feeling of being able to comprehend all of your sensory input this state of oneness is not 100% constant when reached but is rather something that happens repeatedly over and over again pulling you in and out of the room. Egodeath is triggered by the experience of a concept and the completely all enveloping runaway thought processes that ensue because of them. For example if you were to hear somebody say the word “internet” a runaway thought process would immediately begin as you experience all concepts attached to your idea of “the internet” and all concepts attached to those. This spreads outwards infinitely and quickly encompasses everything in such a powerful and overwhelming way that you’re ego is immediately destroyed due to sensory overload. Once this is over in 3 – 4 seconds however your ego begins to quickly restack and reform itself as you are placed back into the room, this only stays however for a very short time as another trigger is usually experienced instantaneously putting trippers into rapid fire bursts of not having any concept of the real world or anything in it. This experience of the entire universe typically looks and feels like an infinite sea of all enveloping fractals, concepts and non Euclidean geometry.

More Examples: here

Click the chart below to expand:

Each component on this chart depends on the concepts to its left and leads on to the components to its immediate right.

By the way - There’s a guide for each class of hallucinogen not just psychedelics:

>THE VISUAL AND MENTAL COMPONENTS OF A DISSOCIATIVE TRIP

>THE VISUAL AND MENTAL COMPONENTS OF A DELIRIOUS TRIP